James Crawford, SC, FBA, LLD is an academic and practitioner in the field of public international law. He is Whewell Professor of International Law at the University of Cambridge and Fellow in Law, Jesus College, Cambridge. He was formerly Director of the Lauterpacht Centre for International Law, also at Cambridge.[1]
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Born in Adelaide in South Australia in 1948, Crawford attended Adelaide University as an undergraduate, receiving his LLB in 1971 and a BA (majoring in English history and politics) in the same year. It was during his time at Adelaide that he first came in contact with international law, with the undergraduate course in the subject taught by D.P. O'Connell, who was later to be appointed Chichele Professor of International Law at the University of Oxford. Crawford later followed O'Connell to Oxford, was accepted to University College and completed his doctorate on the creation of states in international law under the supervision of Ian Brownlie, graduating in 1977.
From Oxford, Crawford returned to Adelaide University in 1974, lecturing in international law and constitutional law, and was awarded a personal chair in 1983. In 1982, he accepted a position at the Australian Law Reform Commission and served until 1984, where he produced a series of reports on subjects such as the recognition of aboriginal customary law, sovereign immunity, and the reform, patriation and federalisation of Admiralty Law and jurisdiction. He remained in Adelaide until 1986, when he was appointed to the Challis Professorship of International Law at the University of Sydney. He served as Dean of the Faculty of Law from 1990 to 1992.
In 1985 Crawford was elected an associate of the Institut de Droit International (the youngest election in modern times) and was elevated to full membership in 1991.
In 1992, Crawford was elected to the Whewell Professorship of International Law at Cambridge. In a nice piece of symmetry, his opposite number as Chichele Professor at Oxford was his DPhil supervisor Ian Brownlie. In that year, Crawford was also elected to membership of the United Nations International Law Commission ("ILC"). He served as Special Rapporteur on State Responsibility from 1997-2001 was was also responsible for the production of the the ILC's Draft Statute for an International Criminal Court. In 2000, he was elected a Fellow of the British Academy.
In 1996, Crawford assumed directorship of the Lauterpacht Centre for International Law at Cambridge, serving from 1997-2003 and again from 2006-2010. Since 2003 he has been a member of the Curatorium of The Hague Academy of International Law and is scheduled to give the General Course in 2013.
Crawford was made a Doctor of Laws by Cambridge in 2003. He holds honorary doctorates from the University of Paris 1 Pantheon-Sorbonne and Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Budapest. He was awarded the Nessim Habif World Prize by the University of Geneva in 2010 and the Hudson Medal by the American Society for International Law in 2012.
His daughter, Dr Emily Crawford, is a post-doctoral fellow and associate at the Sydney Centre for International Law (SCIL). Previously at the Law Faculty at the University of New South Wales, Emily completed her Arts and Law degrees before working as a researcher at the Australian Broadcasting Corporation, before returning to UNSW to undertake her PhD. Her doctoral thesis on the disparate treatment of participants in armed conflicts was published by Oxford University Press in 2010.[2]
Crawford was admitted to practice as a Barrister and Solicitor of the High Court of Australia in 1977, and was called to the New South Wales bar in 1987. He was appointed Senior Counsel in 1997.
Following his move to Cambridge, Crawford was admitted to the English bar in 1999 as a member of Gray's Inn, and was a foundation member of Matrix Chambers.
Crawford has built a substantial international practice. He has been engaged as counsel in 23 cases before the International Court of Justice ('ICJ'), including the contested cases of East Timor (Australia v Portugal)[3], Case concerning the Oil Platforms (Islamic Republic of Iran v United States of America,[4] Gabcikovo-Nagymaros Barrage System (Hungary v Slovakia),[5] Case concerning Pulau Batu Puteh (Malaysia v Singapore)[6] and Maritime Delimitation in the Black Sea (Romania v Ukraine).[7] He has also appeared as counsel for various interested parties in the following advisory opinions of the ICJ: Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons,[8] Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory[9] and Accordance with international law of the unilateral declaration of independence in respect of Kosovo.[10]
In addition to his appearances before the ICJ, Crawford has also appeared before a wide range of other international courts and tribunals. He was counsel for Australia before the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea and the ad hoc tribunal convened under Annex VII of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea in the Southern Bluefin Tuna cases,[11] was counsel for Eritrea before the Eritrea/Ethiopia Boundary Commission[12] and counsel for Sudan in the Abyei Dispute to determine whether Abyei was to form part of north Sudan or the area that was in 2011 to become South Sudan.[13] He was also counsel for China before the Dispute Settlement Body of the World Trade Organization in the United States - Definitive Anti-Dumping case.[14]
Crawford has also developed a substantial practice as an international arbitrator, and has developed a particular reputation in investor state disputes run by the International Centre for the Settlement of Investment Disputes ('ICSID') and in matters pertaining to the law of the sea, especially maritime boundary delimitation. Significant disputes in which Crawford has sat as arbitrator include Larsen v Hawaiian Kingdom[15], Newfoundland/Nova Scotia Maritime Boundary Arbitration,[16] Vivendi Universal v Argentina,[17] Mondev International v United States of America, [18] Yaung Chi Oo v Myanmar,[19], SGS v Philippines,[20] and the MOX Plant[21] arbitration.
In addition Crawford has since 1994 been the editor of the British Yearbook of International Law, and senior editor since the retirement of Ian Brownlie from Oxford in 2000. He is co-editor of the Cambridge Studies in International and Comparative Law and the ICSID Reports. From 2002-2005 he was a member of the Editorial Panel of the World Trade Review. Since 2004, he has been a member of the Board of Editors for the American Journal of International Law. He has published peer-refereed journal articles in, inter alia, International and Comparative Law Quarterly, the American Journal of International Law, the British Yearbook of International Law and other significant international law journals. He is Senior Treasurer of the Cambridge Journal of International and Comparative Law.